Mortality and type of cigarette smoked.
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چکیده
منابع مشابه
Mortality and type of cigarette smoked.
Twenty-five years ago, cigarette smokers in the United Kingdom smoked plain cigarettes with an average tar yield of probably about 35 mg. Now smokers predominantly smoke filter cigarettes and average tar yields have been reduced by half. Epidemiological evidence comparing mortality in smokers of differing types of cigarettes is reviewed. Compared with smokers of higher tar plain cigarettes, smo...
متن کاملthe investigation of the relationship between type a and type b personalities and quality of translation
چکیده ندارد.
Cotinine concentration in smokers from different countries: relationship with amount smoked and cigarette type.
This four-country study examined salivary cotinine as a marker for nicotine intake and addiction among smokers in relation to numbers and types of cigarettes smoked. Smoking characteristics of cigarette smokers in Brazil, China, Mexico, and Poland were identified using a standard questionnaire. Cotinine concentration was measured using a saliva sample from each participant; its relationship wit...
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BACKGROUND Littered cigarette butts represent potential point sources for environmental contamination. In areas with substantial amounts of cigarette litter, environmental hazards may arise as chemical components are leached from the filters and smoked tobacco. OBJECTIVE The three main aims of this study were: (1) to quantify the amount of Al, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mn, Ni, Sr, Ti and Zn lea...
متن کاملRisks of lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, ischaemic heart disease, and stroke in relation to type of cigarette smoked.
In a case control study of over 12 000 inpatients aged 35-74, risk of lung cancer, chronic bronchitis, and, particularly in those aged 35-54, ischaemic heart disease was positively associated with the number of manufactured cigarettes smoked daily and was negatively associated with long term giving up. Risk of stroke was not clearly related to smoking. Among manufactured cigarette smokers, lung...
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ژورنال
عنوان ژورنال: Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health
سال: 1981
ISSN: 0143-005X
DOI: 10.1136/jech.35.1.16